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DESIGN SYSTEMS DESIGN SYSTEMS

The Systems Design is concerned with developing the proposed guidelines for the test based on this configuration is more likely to meet objectives both from a functional point of view of non-functional (what we earlier called constraints). The process of designing a complex system is usually performed in descending order:

• High level design (or decomposition of the system design in less complex subsystems)
• Design and implementation of each of the subsystems:
  • consistent and complete specification of the subsystem in accordance with the objectives set out in Development
  • analysis as specified
• Test Integration of all subsystems
Design Validation

Within the system design process must take into account the effects that can produce the new system on the environment in which to function, adapting the design criteria to the characteristics. In this context it is becoming increasingly important adaptation of any system-output the capabilities of people who will use it, so that its operation is simple, convenient, effective and efficient.

of these issues deals with discipline, ergonomics, which aims to optimize human-machine environments. While it was initially focused on the anthropometric aspects of the man-machine has now moved to intervene with force in all cognitive processes (analysis, interpretation, decision, communication and knowledge representation). Thus, with respect to the design of software tools, ergonomics has much to say on issues related to the provision Online information, depth of menus, icons format, command names, cursor control, response times, error handling, data structures, use of natural language, etc.

Source: Daealus. System Design

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System Design Definition

system design is the evaluation of different alternatives and the specification of a detailed solution to a problem information

has 3 phases:

1. selection system design.
2. Acquisition System Design.
3. design and systems integration.

design of systems selection

Objectives:

1. identify and investigate alternative solutions manual and computer type that can provide support for obtaining information system.
2. evaluate the feasibility of alternative solutions and recommend the best of these from a global perspective.

selection activities

1. Specify alternatives

2. Analyze the feasibility of alternative solutions:

• Technical feasibility
• operational feasibility
• economic feasibility
• Feasibility time

(It results in a matrix for evaluating alternative candidates)

3. Recommend a solution to the information system

The product of this phase is a proposed formal systems containing the plans, estimated size, candidate solutions, feasibility analysis and a selection

Acquisition design

Objectives:

1. Identify and research specific products that could serve to support the recommended solution for the system information object.
2. solicit, evaluate and rank the proposals from potential suppliers.
3. Select and recommend the best of these proposals.
4. prescribe the integration of products from selected suppliers.

Activities

1. Investigate options and technical criteria

2. solicit proposals (or quotes) to vendors

3. Validate the statements and performance expressed by the sellers

4. Evaluate and rank the proposals from vendors

5. Make the contract and inform vendors unselected

6. Establish integration requirements

Design Design and Integration Systems

has a double objective:

1. First, and as a top priority, design a system that meets the needs and attractive to end users.
2. Present clear and complete specifications.

Design:

1. Networks
2. Data
3. Procedures

Technology and Persons:

1. Analyze and distribute data

2. Analyze and distribute processes

3. Split into design units

4. I design databases files

5. Designing computer inputs and outputs

6. Designing interactive user interfaces

7. Present and review the design

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Session 11


Systems Implementation Systems Implementation
Competency

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SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

Systems Analysis is basically to determine the objectives and limits of the system under analysis to characterize their structure and function, mark guidelines to achieve the proposed objectives and assess their consequences. Depending on the objectives of the analysis, we find ourselves in two different problems:

• Analysis of an existing system to understand, improve, adjust and / or predict their behavior.
• Analysis as a prelude to designing a new system-product.
  

In any case, more formally, we can group tasks that make up the analysis in a series of steps that occur in an iterative way to validate the entire process: Conceptualization

consists in obtaining a very high level view of the system, identifying its basic elements and relations between them and with the environment.

Functional analysis

Describe the actions or changes taking place in the system. Such actions or conversions are specified as processes receiving inflows and outflows occur.

Analysis of conditions (or constraints)

should reflect all the limitations imposed on the system to restrict the scope of possible solutions. These times are referred to the objectives themselves System:

• Operating
  , such as physical constraints, environmental, maintenance, personnel, security, etc.
• quality and reliability, maintainability, security, coexistence, generality, etc..

However, in other cases the constraints are imposed by limitations on the different resources used:

• Economic, reflected in a budget Temporary
• , involving deadlines to meet
• Human
• Methodological, involving the use of techniques
• certain
  materials, such as space, tools available, etc..

Modelling

One of the most common and convenient ways to analyze a system is to build a prototype (a model in short) the same. Validation

analysis In order to verify that the analysis is right and avoid, if any, the possible spread of errors in the design phase, it is imperative to proceed with the validation. To this we must check the following points:

• The analysis should be consistent and complete
• If the analysis is presented as a preliminary step to make a design, we must also verify that the objectives are correct and feasible

A fundamental advantage of the construction of prototypes from the point of view of validation lies in These models, once built, can be evaluated directly by users or domain experts to validate the system on their analysis.

Source: Daedalus. Systems Analysis

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System Methodology. Technological Institute of Peace

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Session 10 BUSINESS ETHICS

By: Buzan Latin America 02/06/2007

"We are honored to partner with a business that builds not only their own history but also the history of business ".

Terms honesty, integrity and respect are associated with the character. Think of the companies we have relationships. Do employees have a strong character?

When an employee proves to be honest and upright, the company he works for purchase a reputation for being strong of character and ethics. But what exactly is ethics and how can we know if we act ethically?

In short, ethics is the distinction between good and evil, right from wrong and right from wrong. One of the main debates about ethics is whether the good and evil are defined by a universal standard of behavior, cultural norms or personal experiences.

Ethics is not just a matter of intuition. We should not rely solely on intuition to solve issues relating to good and evil, right and wrong or right and wrong. Although many believe ethics is a matter of conscience, the perspective of ethical theory is that we need good reasons (reasons that we transmit to others) that support our decision. Often, ethical decisions provide more than one right answer. "

A common definition of ethics is "behavior (individual or collective) connected to a set of established values." Companies define their core values \u200b\u200bwritten ethical statements, often called credo, code of conduct or statements of values.

consider various perspectives and maintain objectivity is the key to making ethical decisions. An ethical decision is characterized by the following features:

1. Distinguishes what is "right" of what is "wrong."
2. There are good reasons supporting the decision.
3. Is guided by core values \u200b\u200bestablished.

These are the four classic frames to consider when making an ethical decision. Not all frames are considered in every decision, but most situations can be judged from at least two opposing views. When you know all the frames, you'll know when to apply.

The following are the four frames:

a) Based on justice
b) Based on the rules
c) Based on results
d) Based on virtues

The use of frames encourages creativity in solving problems. Compare

in the following table the advantages of using frameworks against the common practice of guided only by intuition. When you read the text think about ethical decisions that have been submitted.

ethical Marcos	Intuition and experience only
issues are analyzed from various perspectives	issues are analyzed from a single perspective
ethical frameworks have been developed Over the centuries	develop during the life of a person
frames offer opposing solutions, all of which can be "right"	Intuition and personal experience will prompt the "right" answer
opposite solutions enhance creativity, as they provide more options.	Creativity is limited if we only rely on the experience: there are fewer options.

Marco 1: Thoughts based on standards

Thought based on rules focuses on the rules of behavior formally agreed or accepted as a general principle. The most obvious example is the law, but are also important cultural norms and etiquette.

Setting 2. Results-based thinking

Unlike rule-based ethical system, results-based thinking says that the correct actions are those which lead to the best result possible. In short, the determination of good and evil is done based on the prediction of the action that will produce the best result.

Marco 3. Thought based on justice.

based thinking in justice is one of the four ethical frameworks discussed in the first step in the process of making ethical decisions.
Justice means giving each person "what he deserves", ie, treating equals equally and unequals differently.
The reward for productivity model used by many organizations drift of thought based on justice, the reward for productivity is based on the concept that the employees who provide similar contributions to the organization must get similar rewards.

In other words, equally productive workers are treated equally regardless of their age, gender, race, age, weight, sexual orientation, political persuasion or any other factor other than doing their work.

Marco 4. Strengths-based thinking

This ethical framework uses a series of character traits inherently "good" to guide ethical choices. For theorists of the virtues, as Aristotle, the premise behind this notion is that if we cultivate good character traits, good behavior is the consequence.

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THERE AN ETHICS IN BUSINESS AND BUSINESS

BUSINESS ETHICS

BUSINESS ETHICS

ETHICS AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY

Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility

Ethics and social responsibility

Social Responsibility and Ethics

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Session 09

The open system as a body, is influenced by the environment and influences, reaching a balance dynamic in that regard.

The largest category of open systems are living systems.

differences exist between open systems (such as biological and social systems, namely, cells, plants, man, organization, society) and closed systems (such as physical systems, machines, clock, thermostat):

- The open system constantly interacts with the environment in dual form, ie, it influences and is influenced. The closed system does not interact.

- The open system can grow, change, adapt to the environment and to reproduce under certain ambient conditions. The closed system no.

- is typical of the open competition with other systems, not the closed system.

Like living organisms, companies have six primary functions are closely related:

- Ingestion: companies or purchasing materials for processing. Acquire money, machines and people in the room to attend other functions, such as living organisms ingest food, water and air to meet their needs.

- Processing: animals ingest and process food to be transformed into energy and organic cells. In the enterprise, the production is equivalent to this cycle. Materials are processed and discarded what does not, having a relationship between inputs and outputs.

- reaction to the environment: the animal reacts to its environment, adapting to survive, must flee or not to attack. The company also reacts by changing its material, consumers, employees and financial resources. You can alter the product, process or structure.

- Providing parts, parts of a living organism can be supplied with materials, and supplies blood to the body. Participants of the company may be replaced, not its function but also by purchasing data, production, sales or accounting and are rewarded in the form of wages and benefits. The money is often considered the blood of the company.

- Regeneration parts: body parts lose efficiency, become ill or die and must be regenerated, or relocated to survive in the set. Members of a company age, retire, fall ill, become detached or die. The machines become obsolete. Both men and machines should be kept or relocated, hence the function and maintenance personnel.

- Organization, functions, is the communications system required for control and decision making. In the case of animals that require care in adaptation. In business, you need a central nervous system, where the functions of production, purchasing, marketing, rewards and maintenance must be coordinated. In a constantly changing environment, forecasting, planning, research and development are necessary aspects for the administration to make adjustments.

The open system is a set of interacting parts forming a synergistic whole, oriented toward specific purposes and in a permanent relationship of interdependence with the external environment.

Source: Prism Organization as an open system.

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OPEN SYSTEM ORGANIZATION AS AN OPEN SYSTEM

Herbert Spencer said at the beginning of the twentieth century:

"A social organism resembles a single organism in the following key features:

- In the growth.
- in fact becoming more complex grows.
- The fact that becomes more complex, parts require increasing interdependence.
- Because life is immense compared to the life extension of its component units.
- because in both cases accompanied by increasing integration increasing diversity. "

According to structuralist theory, Taylor, Fayol and Weber used the rational model, focusing on organizations as a closed system. The systems are closed when external variables are isolated and when probabilistic rather than deterministic. A deterministic system is one in which a specific change in one of the variables will produce a particular outcome with certainty. Thus, the system requires that all variables are known and controllable or predictable. According to Fayol organizational efficiency will always prevail if the organizational variables are controlled within certain known limits.

Features organizations as open systems:

organizations have all the characteristics of open systems. Some basic characteristics of the organizations are:

1. behavior and non-deterministic probabilistic of organizations: the organization is affected by the environment and that environment is potentially borderless and includes unknown and uncontrolled variables. The consequences of social systems are probabilistic and nondeterministic. Human behavior is never entirely predictable, because people are complex, responding to different variables. Therefore, the administration can not expect consumers, suppliers, regulators and others, have a predictable behavior.

2. Organizations as part of a larger society and consists of smaller parts : organizations are viewed as systems within systems. Such systems are complex interaction of elements placed on producing a whole that can not be understood by taking the parts independently. Talcott Parsons indicated on the overview, integration, highlighting From the point of view of organization, this was a part of a larger system, taking as its starting point the treatment of the organization as a social system follows the following approach:

- The organization must be treated as a system that is characterized by all the essential properties of any social system.

- The organization should be approached as a functionally differentiated system of a larger social system.

- The organization must be analyzed as a special type of social system organized around the primacy of interest in the achievement of certain types of systematic goal.

- The characteristics of the organization must be defined by the kind of situation where you need to operate, namely the relationship between her and the other subsystems, components of larger system of which party. Just like a society.

1. Interdependence parts: a change in party system affect the other. The internal and external interactions of the system reflect different levels of control and autonomy.

2. Homeostasis or steady state : the organization can reach the steady state, only when two conditions are present, the directionality and progress. The unidirectionality means that although there are changes in the company, the same results or conditions set are met. The progress referred to the desired goal is a degree of progress that is within the limits defined as acceptable. Progress can be improved when the proposed condition is achieved with less effort, greater accuracy for relatively minor effort and under conditions of great variability. The unidirectionality and progress can only be achieved with leadership and commitment.

3. Borders and boundaries : is the line that demarcates what is inside and outside the system. May not be physical. A boundary is a closed line around the selected variables between those with greater exchange (energy, information) with the system. The boundaries vary in permeability, this permeability will define the degree of openness of the system relative to the environment.

4. Morphogenesis : the organizational system, different from other mechanical systems and even biological systems, has the ability to modify its basic structural ways, is identified by Buckley as its main identifying characteristic.

Source: Prism Organization as an open system.

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The Organization as an open system (Katz and Kahn model) Links

MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONS

Schein proposes a list of issues that systems theory should be considered in the definition of organization:

- The organization must be considered as an open system.
- The organization must be conceived as a system with multiple goals or functions.
- The organization must be viewed as consisting of many subsystems that are in dynamic interaction with each other.
- Being mutually dependent subsystems, a change in one will affect others.
- Organization exists in a dynamic environment that includes other systems.
- The many links between the organization and its environment make it difficult to define the boundaries of any organization.

MODEL OF KATZ AND KAHN

Katz and Kahn developed a model of wider and more complex organization through the application of systems theory and organizational theory. They then compared the potential use of mainstream sociological and psychological organizational analysis, suggesting that the theory of organizations is free of restrictions and limitations previous approaches and use general systems theory.

According to the model proposed by Katz and Kahn, the organization has the following characteristics an open system:

1. Import (inputs) : The organization receives inputs from the environment and need renewed energy supplies other institutions or people, or the material environment. Any social structure is self-sufficient and self-contained.

2. transformation (processing) : Open systems transform the available energy. The organization processes and transform their inputs into finished products, labor, services, etc.

3. export (output) : Open systems export certain products to the environment.

4. systems as cycles of events that are repeated : The operation of any system consists of repeated cycles of import-export-processing.

5. Negative Entropy : Open systems need to move to stop the process to replenish energy entópico maintain indefinitely its organizational structure.

6. information as input: Open systems also receive informational inputs to provide signals to the structure on the environment and the operation in relation to it.

7. Steady state and dynamic homeostasis : In this sense, open systems are characterized by a steady state: there is a continuous flow of energy from the external environment and continued export of the system, however, the exchange ratio energy and the relationship between the parties remain the same.

8. Differentiation : The organization tends to the multiplication and processing functions, which also brings multiplication of roles and internal differentiation.

9. Equifinality : which states that a system may be achieved in various ways, the same final state, starting from different initial conditions.

10. Limits or boundaries : The organization presents barriers between the system and the environment. These define the scope of the system, as well as its degree of openness in relation to the environment.

Source: Prism Organization as an open system.

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Session 08

Open System

Organizations as open systems far from equilibrium

GRIJALVA M. Socio-technical approach to work organization